Kawamata Toronto Project 1989

Tadashi Kawamata & Mercer Union

Outdoor installation Yonge Street, Toronto & Gallery Exhibition at Mercer Union, curated and produced by Steve Pozel

In a groundbreaking collaboration, leading Japanese artist Tadashi Kawamata created his first Canadian project through an invitation from Mercer Union. The outdoor public installation, characteristic of Kawamata's temporary site-specific works, transformed a modest space in downtown Toronto's urban landscape.

The installation occupied Colonial Tavern Park on Yonge Street, directly opposite the Eaton's Centre, from 7 September to 7 October 1989. The site, flanked by two neoclassical bank buildings, provided an intriguing canvas for Kawamata's vision. Though seemingly delicate in its construction, the sculpture's sweeping gestures and dynamic movement appeared to challenge the permanence of the surrounding architecture.

The installation emerged through layers of roughly hewn and scavenged wood, creating three-dimensional environments that symbolised the perpetual cycle of construction and deconstruction in urban centres worldwide. Over four months, downtown pedestrians witnessed the gradual evolution of the work as thousands of wooden pieces were meticulously added to a skeletal support structure. Many observers, unaware they were watching the creation of an artwork, later experienced the striking contrast of its sudden removal.

The process itself became integral to the work's meaning, as it physically evolved in response to audience ideas and reactions. Ultimately, Kawamata's Toronto project posed an intriguing question about the relationship between memory and perception, suggesting that remembered experiences might resonate more powerfully than immediate observations.

Kawamata's choice of natural materials and straightforward construction methods fostered remarkable public engagement with the work. While imposing from a distance, the installation revealed itself as surprisingly intimate, drawing visitors into a serene, contemplative central space. Wood, which has become a signature element in Kawamata's oeuvre, was employed in both new and salvaged forms throughout the structure.

The artist's creative process involved developing installations through extensive three-dimensional drawings and maquettes. Each preliminary piece carefully examined the linear and spatial properties of the designated site, gradually revealing both artistic and structural possibilities.

The location itself carried significant cultural weight. The Colonial Tavern, which previously occupied this recently converted parkland, had once been the epicentre of Canadian jazz. Its stage had hosted some of the century's most legendary musicians, including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Sarah Vaughan, and Chet Baker, adding another layer of historical resonance to Kawamata's contemporary intervention.

photo: Peter MacCallum

POSTSCRIPT #1

‘He creates temporary structures …of haunting beauty and ambiguity; engaged, confrontational, inquiring.’

Adele Freedman wrote beautiful essay on Kawamata's work that she included as the closing piece of writing in her book Sightlines: looking at architecture and design in Canada, 1990. Adele had written the collection of essays for Canada’s national newspaper the Globe and Mail between 1981 and 1989, with some additional pieces that were written for Toronto Life and Canadian Art. They were a record of the people, issues and projects that shaped Canadian design and architecture. Essays in the book included pieces on everyone from Frank Gehry to Jane Jacobs. I consider it such an honour that her book concluded with the essay on Kawamata’s Toronto Project.

‘Resisting the grid, whether that grid be physical, social, or psychological wasn't just a theme of the Colonial Tavern Park Project, it was built right into the structure. The space created behind the whirling wall of sticks on Yonge Street, an urban room filled with vibrations, inspiring of calm, was made by a grid that was subverted, over and over again, by swirls of sticks that seemed passionately bent on escape. Things were no different when the piece was observed from Yong Street. Tall vertical poles- stick columns that mimicked the hefty columns of the banks- marched regularly along the sidewalk, but the rush of lumber surging through them paid no heed.’

The following are some additional excerpts from Freedman’s 1990 essay…

‘One of his best-known works was constructed in Kassel, Germany, in 1987. There in the middle of the city, with ten assistants, he flung a wooden membrane over the bombed-out remains of a historic church. It was after experiencing this ghostly web of debris that Steven Pozel, then director of Mercer Union, started working to bring Kawamata to Toronto.’

‘Kawamata was saying that he wanted to shake Toronto out of its dogmatic slumber. Normally, in a city we are always trying to reduce intrusive noise;' he explained. 'My construction is like that noise... I make a noise but its meaning is just like a big happening … Because the city is based on a very tight structure, the artist must always make something to resist it!’

‘Colonial Tavern Park became a shocking emptiness. All the energy that Kawamata had stirred up was driven underground, and so suddenly! People must have had similar feelings when the Colonial went down, and that's how Pozel sees it, too: 'I came back to Toronto after a trip to Japan and it wasn't there. I was devastated. I had a really empty feeling within myself. All that layering and building -it filled space in such a dramatic way. Kawamata's ideas really came home when the piece was taken down. It was an urban warning.’

Kawamata Toronto Project 1989

A CREATIVE DIRECTOR’S account By Steve Pozel

My journey with the Kawamata Toronto project began in 1987 at Documenta 8 in Kassel, Germany, where I encountered his work, Destroyed Church. This extraordinary piece stopped me in my tracks, sparking the ambitious notion of bringing an artist of Kawamata's calibre to Toronto to realise a major outdoor work in our city centre.

The initial challenge lay in simply establishing contact with Kawamata, whose nomadic nature had him travelling continuously from country to country. For several months, I found myself tracking his movements, sending messages through a network of curators and directors across various countries. When his response finally arrived, indicating interest in discussing a Toronto project, it felt like the first real breakthrough.

A month later, Kawamata arrived in Toronto with Mika (his extraordinary project director and partner), eager to explore potential venues and discover the city's unique urban personalities. Following this initial reconnaissance, he proposed two projects—one of which quite literally took my breath away. Its scale was staggering, larger than anything he had attempted before. While initially unnerving, this audacious proposal would ultimately become the magnificent work we realised together.

His site selection process revealed the depth of his artistic vision. Each location captured his imagination for different reasons, from philosophical and conceptual implications to practical and aesthetic considerations of the surrounding architecture. The final choice, Colonial Tavern Park, was particularly compelling—a space that architecture design journalist Adele Friedman would poetically describe in the Globe and Mail as "a ghost floating between two neoclassical shells." This astute observation would later become the closing chapter of her remarkable book of essays, Sightlines.

Within nine months of accepting his proposal, I found myself overseeing Kawamata's most ambitious project to date, supported by a stellar team working alongside the artist. Yet the path to realisation wasn't without its dramatic moments. One particularly memorable instance occurred in June 1989, just three months before the scheduled public opening, when the project's fate hung precariously in the balance at a Toronto City Council meeting.

I sat there with Morden Yolles of Yolles Engineers, whose firm had generously donated their time and expertise to the project, as we faced the final hurdle of Council approval. The tension in the room peaked when one Council Alderman asked if we could guarantee the structure would be earthquake proof. My heart sank at the question, but Morden responded with characteristic wisdom: "If you can show me any building on that street that has proven to have the structural engineering to be earthquake proof, then we could do so as well."

In the end, we reached a practical compromise: the wood would be treated with fire-retardant paint or coating to reduce fire risk. With this final concession, the project moved forward, transforming from an ambitious vision into reality.

This project, like any of significant scale and challenge, was possible because of an extraordinary team at Mercer Union. In particular, I would acknowledge the support, contribution and commitment made to this project by Mercer’s Associate Director Carolyn Bell Farrell and Kawamata's assistant, Mika Koike, along with these other key contributors including: Linda Genereux, Rosemary Donegan, Detlef Mertins, Micah Lexier, Reid Diamond, Rebecca Diederichs, Gary Evans, Martha Hodgson, Lucas Liepins, Mary Purdon, David Warren, Robert Windrum and Doug Whitton, as well as the important contributions made by Morden Yolles and Rolly Bergman of M.S.Yolles and Partners.

Chronology of Kawamata: Toronto Project 1989

September 16, 1988: Exhibition at Battery Park, New York, New York: The New Urban Landscape; Steven Pozel and Kawamata have initial meeting to discuss potential for a Toronto project.
October 16 to 19, 1988: Kawamata visits Toronto to select possible sites for Toronto project.
January 13, 1989: Two proposals received in Toronto from Tokyo; Colonial Tavern Park selected as project site.
April 2 to 5: Kawamata returns to Toronto to discuss project for Colonial Tavern Park with engineers, City of Toronto representatives, project assistants, writers, gallery staff.
May 24: Exchange of structural drawings initiated by M.S.Yolles and Partners, Ltd. Kawamata develops supporting structure while in Paris, France; plans and changes exchanged by fax.
June 29: Toronto City Council approves proposal for Colonial Tavern Park.
July 2:
Kawamata and Steven Pozel meet in New York to finalize details of project and accompanying gallery exhibition of models, drawings and maquettes from previous projects.
July 5: Kawamata and assistant, Mika Koike, arrive in Toronto to begin the Toronto project.
July 18: Wood delivered to site by Teperman and Sons, Inc.
July 24 to August 5: Core structure completed with assistance from M.S Yolles and Partners.
August 5 to September 2: Project constructed and completed.
September 6: Opening reception for Yonge Street site.
September 8: Kawamata departs from Toronto for project in Belgium.
October 8 to 14,1989: Demolition of structure at Colonial Tavern Park by Teperman and Sons, Inc.

POSTSCRIPT #2

The project's influence resonated well beyond its temporary existence. A decade later, in 1999, the Canadian Opera Company's production of Bellini's 'Norma' drew direct inspiration from Kawamata's installation. Set designer Alan Moyet and director James Robinson, seeking "something achingly beautiful" that captured "an angularity in the Japanese aesthetic," found their muse in the memory of this temporary wooden structure.

POSTSCRIPT #3

By 2016, walking down Yonge Street, I encountered the first signs of the Massey Tower's construction on the former Colonial Tavern site. Watching the 60-storey condominium rise—completed in 2019 with nearly 700 units—I reflected on how Kawamata's meditation on impermanence had become prophetic. As Adele Freedman so eloquently captured it:

‘Pile of sticks, house of cards, here today, gone tomorrow: a project, to be sure, and a lot of other things besides. Public art, architecture, mirage. Energy, poetry. Jazz. ‘

Adele Freedman, Sightlines: looking at architecture and design in Canada, 1990

photo: Peter MacCallum

Mercer Union exhibition installation. Photo: Peter MacCallum